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Fallacies

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William F. Barnes


Copyright © 2014-2024 by William F. Barnes. All rights reserved. Unauthorized retention, duplication, distribution, or modification is not permitted. [Legal]
  1. Ad Hominem

    Attacking the person instead of the argument.

  2. Anectodal

    Using an anecdote as data or multiple anecdotes as statistics.

  3. Appeal to Authority

    Belief that authority is correctness.

  4. Bandwagon

    Mistaking popularity for validation.

  5. Burden of Proof

    Insisting a claim be disproven with counterevidence before proven with evidence.

  6. Category

    Representing object or symbol as another.

  7. Causation

    Confusing a possible explanation with the only explanation.

  8. Circular Reasoning

    The premise contains the conclusion.

  9. Cherrypicking

    Selective appeal to edge cases and exceptions.

  10. Correlation

    Assuming simultaneous events have a causal relation.

  11. Affirming the Disjunct

    Using "or" when "either/or" is better fitting.

  12. Epistemic

    Assuming two objects are different if they don't share an attribute.

  13. Equivocation

    Placing two distinct positions in the same bin.

  14. Extrapolation

    Generalizing based on weak assumption or pattern.

  15. Gambler

    Belief that random systems exhibit patterns of balance.

  16. Gateway Drug

    Assuming one inch leads to one mile.

  17. Forced Binary

    Ignoring subtlety while framing an argument as black and white.

  18. Appeal to Ignorance

    No counterproof is available thus X mus tbe true.

  19. Loaded Question

    Posing a question in a way that any answer implies guilt.

  20. Middle Ground

    The midpoint of opposing views must be the truth.

  21. Non Sequitur

    Associating irrelevant information to the topic on hand.

  22. Origin

    Overattributing the present to the past.

  23. Pity

    Compel a response from emotion instead of reason.

  24. Possibility

    Attribute cause on possibility alone.

  25. Post Hoc

    Attributing effect to cause without proof.

  26. Red Herring

    Introducing information to divert attention.

  27. Rhetorical Question

    Asking a question make a point rather than attain a direct answer.

  28. Slothful Induction

    Reluctance or inability to draw evident conclusions.

  29. Appeal to the Stone

    Refusal to engage or reason.

  30. Straw Man

    Representing an argument weakly to be toppled without resistance.

  31. Sunken Cost

    Reluctance to change course due to previous investment.

  32. Texas Sharpshooter

    One who would shoot a barn wall and then paint a bullseye around the hole.

  33. Tu Quoque

    Latin for "you also", for reponding to criticism with criticism.